Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alcohol Use Screening in Pregnant and Childbearing Aged Women: Practices and Implications

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 188))

Abstract

Global trends demonstrate increasing alcohol consumption among women of childbearing age, social acceptability of women’s alcohol use, as well as recent changes in alcohol use patterns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing levels of consumption may put many pregnancies at higher risk for prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), which can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Therefore, alcohol use screening of women who are or may become pregnant has become more important than ever and should be a public health priority. The current literature review presents the state of the science on various existing alcohol use screening strategies, including the clinical utility of validated alcohol use screening instruments. It also discusses barriers for decreasing alcohol use in pregnancy, such as low uptake of screening during prenatal care, practitioner beliefs and training/time constraints, unplanned pregnancies, delayed access to prenatal care, and stigma associated with substance use in pregnancy as well as recommendations to address these barriers. By implementing consistent alcohol use screening, health-care providers increase opportunities for pregnant women to access counseling, brief interventions, and referral for treatment. Increased use of these strategies would reduce risk of adverse outcomes to women and their children, decrease new cases of FASD and recurrence of FASD in families, and thus would improve maternal and child health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. WHO (2018) Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  2. Slade T et al (2016) Birth cohort trends in the global epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in men and women: systematic review and metaregression. BMJ Open 6(10):e011827

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Mart S, Giesbrecht N (2015) Red flags on pinkwashed drinks: contradictions and dangers in marketing alcohol to prevent cancer. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 110(10):1541–1548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jung AR, Hovland R (2016) Targeting gender: a content analysis of alcohol advertising in magazines. Health Mark Q 33(3):221–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pan American Health Organization (2017) Technical note: background on alcohol marketing regulation and monitoring for the protection of public health. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  6. Esser MB, Jernigan DH (2018) Policy approaches for regulating alcohol marketing in a global context: a public health perspective. Annu Rev Public Health 39(1):385–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vendrame A (2017) When evidence is not enough: a case study on alcohol marketing legislation in Brazil. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 112(S1):81–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rehm J et al (2010) The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 105(5):817–843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Naughton F et al (2021) Health behaviour change during the UK COVID-19 lockdown: findings from the first wave of the C-19 health behaviour and well-being daily tracker study. Br J Health Psychol 26(2):624–643

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Murthy P, Narasimha VL (2021) Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on alcohol use disorders and complications. Curr Opin Psychiatry 34(4):376–385

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Rodriguez LM, Litt DM, Stewart SH (2020) Drinking to cope with the pandemic: the unique associations of COVID-19-related perceived threat and psychological distress to drinking behaviors in American men and women. Addict Behav 110:106532

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Jager J, Keyes KM (2021) Is substance use changing because of the COVID-19 pandemic? Conceptual and methodological considerations to delineating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use and disorder. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 116(6):1301–1303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Palsson OSB, Gray S (2020) The U.S. national pandemic emotional impact report. University of North Carolina; Harvard Medical School, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pollard MS, Tucker JS, Green JHD (2020) Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open 3(9):e2022942

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Callinan S et al (2021) Shifts in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: early indications from Australia. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 116(6):1381–1388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Stewart SH, Gavric D, Collins P (2009) Women, girls, and alcohol. In: Women and addiction: a comprehensive handbook. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 341–359

    Google Scholar 

  17. Moser DA et al (2020) Years of life lost due to the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19 mitigation strategies based on Swiss data. Eur Psychiatry 63(1):e58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Skagerstróm J, Chang G, Nilsen P (2011) Predictors of drinking during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Women’s Health (Larchmont, NY 2002) 20(6):91–913

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sher J (2020) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: preventing collateral damage from COVID-19. Lancet Public Health 5(8):e424

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Lebel C, Roussotte F, Sowell ER (2011) Imaging the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the structure of the developing human brain. Neuropsychol Rev 21(2):102–118

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Henriksen TB et al (2004) Alcohol consumption at the time of conception and spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 160(7):661–667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nykjaer C et al (2014) Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes: evidence from a British cohort. J Epidemiol Commun Health (1979) 68(6):542–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Connor MJ, Kogan N, Findlay R (2002) Prenatal alcohol exposure and attachment behavior in children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26(10):1592–1602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Patra J et al (2011) Dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)—a systematic review and meta-analyses. BJOG 118(12):1411–1421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Jones K, Smith D (1973) Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet (British Edition) 302(7836):999–1001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jones K et al (1973) Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet (British Edition) 301(7815):1267–1271

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sokol RJ, Delaney-Black V, Nordstrom B (2003) Fetal alcohol Spectrum disorder. JAMA 290(22):2996–2999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. May PA et al (2013) Maternal alcohol consumption producing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): quantity, frequency, and timing of drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend 133(2):502–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chambers CD et al (2019) Fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders in a Pacific Southwest City: maternal and child characteristics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43(12):2578–2590

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Lange S et al (2017) Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among children and youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 171(10):948–956

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Burd L, Popova S (2019) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: fixing our aim to aim for the fix. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(20):3978

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Popova S et al (2017) Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 5(3):e290–e299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. McQuire C et al (2020) The causal web of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review and causal diagram. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29(5):575–594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Montag AC (2016) Fetal alcohol-spectrum disorders: identifying at-risk mothers. Int J Women’s Health 8:311–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fraser SL et al (2012) Effects of binge drinking on infant growth and development in an Inuit sample. Alcohol (Fayetteville, NY) 46(3):277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Popova SL (2016) Shannon; Probst, Charlotte; Parunashvili, Nino; Rehm, Jürgen, prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders among the general and aboriginal populations in Canada and the United States. Eur J Med Genet 60(1):32–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hinke Kessler Scholder SV et al (2014) Alcohol exposure in utero and child academic achievement. The Economic journal (London) 124(576):634–667

    Google Scholar 

  38. Smith CL et al (2021) Substance use and mental health in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Repro Infant Psychol ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print) 225(108760):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kar P et al (2021) Alcohol and substance use in pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug Alcohol Depend 225:108760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. World Health Organization (2010) Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  41. World Health Organization (2013) Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013–2020. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  42. Popova S et al (2016) Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (British Edition) 387(10022):978–987

    Google Scholar 

  43. Oh SS et al (2020) Hospitalizations and mortality among patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a prospective study. Sci Rep 10(1):19512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Popova S et al (2019) Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among special subpopulations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 114(7):1150–1172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Brownell M et al (2019) Health, social, education, and justice outcomes of Manitoba first nations children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a population-based cohort study of linked administrative data. Can J Psychiatr 64(9):611–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Popova S, Shannon L, Burd L, Rehm J (2016) The economic burden of fetal alcohol Spectrum disorder in Canada in 2013. Alcohol Alcohol (Oxford) 51(3):367–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Greenmyer JR et al (2018) A multicountry updated assessment of the economic impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: costs for children and adults. J Addict Med 12(6):466–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Stade B et al (2019) 89 burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: 2018 revised measurement of cost. Paediatr Child Health 24(Supplement_2):e34–e35

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Greenmyer JR et al (2020) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review of the cost of and savings from prevention in the United States and Canada. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 115(3):409–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Bearak J et al (2018) Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet Glob Health 6(4):e380–e389

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (2019) Drinking guidelines: general population. IARD, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  52. Whitehall JS (2007) National guidelines on alcohol use during pregnancy: a dissenting opinion. Med J Aust 186(1):35–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Furtwængler NAFF, de Visser RO (2013) Lack of international consensus in low-risk drinking guidelines. Drug Alcohol Rev 32(1):11–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Graves L et al (2020) Guideline No. 405: screening and counselling for alcohol consumption during pregnancy. J Obstetr Gynaecol Canada 42(9):1158–1173.e1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. ACOG (2011) Committee opinion no. 496: At-risk drinking and alcohol dependence: obstetric and gynecologic implications. Obstetr Gynecol (New York, 1953) 118(2 Pt 1):383–388

    Google Scholar 

  56. World Health Organization (2014) Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  57. McNeely J et al (2021) Comparison of methods for alcohol and drug screening in primary care clinics. JAMA Netw Open 4(5):e2110721

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Glass JE, Bohnert KM, Brown RL (2016) Alcohol screening and intervention among United States adults who attend ambulatory healthcare. J Gen Intern Med 31(7):739–745

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Payne J et al (2005) Health professionals’ knowledge, practice and opinions about fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol consumption in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Public Health 29(6):558–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Arnold K et al (2013) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: knowledge and screening practices of university hospital medical students and residents. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 20(1):e18-25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wangberg SC (2015) Norwegian midwives’ use of screening for and brief interventions on alcohol use in pregnancy. Sex Reprod Healthc 6(3):186–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lemola S et al (2020) Midwives’ engagement in smoking- and alcohol-prevention in prenatal care before and after the introduction of practice guidelines in Switzerland: comparison of survey findings from 2008 and 2018. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1):31

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Anderson P, O’Donnell A, Kaner E (2017) Managing alcohol use disorder in primary health care. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19(11):1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Poole N et al (2019) The potential for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevention of a harmonized approach to data collection about alcohol use in pregnancy cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(11):2019

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Moreland A, Guille C, McCauley JL (2021) Increased availability of telehealth mental health and substance abuse treatment for peripartum and postpartum women: a unique opportunity to increase telehealth treatment. J Subst Abus Treat 123:108268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sarkar M, Einarson T, Koren G (2010) Comparing the effectiveness of TWEAK and T-ACE in determining problem drinkers in pregnancy. Alcohol Alcohol (Oxford) 45(4):356–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW (1989) The T-ACE questions: practical prenatal detection of risk-drinking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160(4):863–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Russell M, Skinner JB (1988) Early measures of maternal alcohol misuse as predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12(6):824–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shogren MD, Harsell C, Heitkamp T (2017) Screening women for at-risk alcohol use: an introduction to screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in women’s health. J Midwifery Womens Health 62(6):746–754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cherpitel CJ (1997) Brief screening instruments for alcoholism. Alcohol Health Res World 21(4):348–351

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Johnson JA et al (2015) Validation of the ASSIST for detecting unhealthy alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in urgent care patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39(6):1093–1099

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bush K et al (1998) The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol use disorders identification test. Arch Intern Med 158(16):1789–1795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Smith PC et al (2009) Primary care validation of a single-question alcohol screening test. J Gen Intern Med 24(7):783–788

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Follow-Back T (1992) In: Litten RZ, Allen JP (eds) Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biochemical methods. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 41–72

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  75. Chasnoff IJ et al (2005) The 4P’s plus screen for substance use in pregnancy: clinical application and outcomes. J Perinatol 25(6):368–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Chasnoff IJ et al (2007) Validation of the 4P’s plus screen for substance use in pregnancy validation of the 4P’s plus. J Perinatol 27(12):744–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Burns E, Gray R, Smith LA (2010) Brief screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking during pregnancy: a systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 105(4):601–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Russell M et al (1994) Screening for pregnancy risk-drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18(5):1156–1161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Williams AD et al (2013) Prenatal alcohol exposure in the Republic of the Congo: prevalence and screening strategies: prenatal alcohol exposure in Congo. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 97(7):489–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Chang G (2001) Alcohol-screening instruments for pregnant women. Alcohol Res Health 25(3):204–209

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Chiodo LM et al (2010) Validity of the T-ACE in pregnancy in predicting child outcome and risk drinking. Alcohol (Fayetteville, NY) 44(7):595–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Chang G et al (1998) Alcohol use and pregnancy: improving identification. Obstet Gynecol 91(6):892–898

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chan AWK et al (1993) Use of the TWEAK test in screening for alcoholism/heavy drinking in three populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17(6):1188–1192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Præstegaard C, Kesmodel PS, Kesmodel US (2018) Is TWEAK a valid screening questionnaire to identify alcohol risk drinkers among pregnant women in Denmark? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 97(4):483–490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. López MB et al (2017) Psychometric properties of brief screening tests for alcohol use disorders during pregnancy in Argentina. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 39(7):322–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cremonte M et al (2010) Psychometric properties of alcohol screening tests in the emergency department in Argentina, Mexico and the United States. Addict Behav 35(9):818–825

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Lichtenberger A, Conde KN, Cremonte M (2016) Investigación en intervención breve y consumo de alcohol durante la gestación: productividad e impacto. Rev Chil Obstetr Ginecol 81(1):56–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Seo YR et al (2016) Development of a simple tool for identifying alcohol use disorder in female Korean drinkers from previous questionnaires. Korean J Fam Med 37(1):18–24

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Freeman J et al (2019) Challenges in accurately assessing prenatal alcohol exposure in a study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in a youth detention center. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43(2):309–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Bazzo S et al (2015) Reliability of a self-report Italian version of the AUDIT-C questionnaire, used to estimate alcohol consumption by pregnant women in an obstetric setting. Riv Psichiatr 50(2):89–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lange S et al (2019) Facilitating screening and brief interventions in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the AUDIT as an indicator of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43(10):2028–2037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Moraes CL, Viellas EF, Reichenheim ME (2005) Assessing alcohol misuse during pregnancy: evaluating psychometric properties of the CAGE, T-ACE and TWEAK in a Brazilian setting. J Stud Alcohol 66(2):165–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Selzer ML, Vinokur A, van Rooijen L (1975) A self-administered short Michigan alcoholism screening test (SMAST). J Stud Alcohol 36(1):117–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bottoms SF, Martier SS, Sokol RJ (1989) Refinements in screening for risk drinking in reproductive-aged women: the “net” results. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13(2a):339

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hotham E et al (2013) Investigation of the alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test (the ASSIST) version 3.0 in pregnancy. Addict Disord Treat 12(3):123–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Streissguth AP, Guinta CT (1992) Subject recruitment and retention for longitudinal research: practical considerations for a nonintervention model. NIDA Res Monogr 117:137–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lapham SC, Kring MK, Skipper B (1991) Prenatal behavioral risk screening by computer in a health maintenance organization-based prenatal care clinic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(3):506–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Yonkers KA et al (2010) Screening for prenatal substance use: development of the substance use risk profile-pregnancy scale. Obstet Gynecol 116(4):827–833

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Coleman-Cowger VH et al (2019) Accuracy of three screening tools for prenatal substance use. Obstetr Gynecol (New York 1953) 133(5):952–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Trocin KE et al (2020) Prenatal practice staff perceptions of three substance use screening tools for pregnant women. J Addict Med 14(2):139–144

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. WHO (2014) Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  102. Moyer VA (2013) Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 159(3):210–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. AAP (2015) Substance use screening and implementation guide. American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca

    Google Scholar 

  104. Cabezas J, Lucey MR, Bataller R (2016) Biomarkers for monitoring alcohol use. Clin Liver Dis 8(3):59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Lange S et al (2014) A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14(1):127

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Joya X et al (2012) Determination of maternal-fetal biomarkers of prenatal exposure to ethanol: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 69:209–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Howlett H et al (2017) How strong is the evidence for using blood biomarkers alone to screen for alcohol consumption during pregnancy? A systematic review. Eur J Obstetr Gynecol Reprod Biol 213:45–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Greenmyer JR et al (2020) High prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure detected by breathalyzer in the Republic of the Congo, Africa. Neurotoxicol Teratol 80:106892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Chan D et al (2004) Recent developments in meconium and hair testing methods for the confirmation of gestational exposures to alcohol and tobacco smoke. Clin Biochem 37(6):429–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Himes SK et al (2015) Clinical sensitivity and specificity of meconium fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate for detecting maternal drinking during pregnancy. Clin Chem (Baltimore, MD) 61(3):523–532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Bakhireva LN et al (2017) Prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure in the state of Texas as assessed by phosphatidylethanol in newborn dried blood spot specimens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 41(5):1004–1011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Matlow JN et al (2012) The detection and quantification of ethyl glucuronide in placental tissue and placental perfusate by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 19(3):e473–e482

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Shukla PK et al (2011) Candidate placental biomarkers for intrauterine alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35(3):559–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Abdullah P et al (2019) Factors associated with the timing of the first prenatal ultrasound in Canada. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19(1):1–14. https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12884-019-2309-4.pdf

  115. Cha S, Masho SW (2014) Intimate partner violence and utilization of prenatal care in the United States. J Interpers Violence 29(5):911–927

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Jamieson B (2020) Exposure to interpersonal violence during pregnancy and its association with women’s prenatal care utilization: a meta-analytic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 21(5):904–921

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kim HG et al (2006) Antenatal psychiatric illness and adequacy of prenatal care in an ethnically diverse inner-city obstetric population. Arch Womens Ment Health 9(2):103–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Krans EE, Davis MM, Palladino CL (2013) Disparate patterns of prenatal care utilization stratified by medical and psychosocial risk. Matern Child Health J 17(4):639–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Roberts SCM, Pies C (2011) Complex calculations: how drug use during pregnancy becomes a barrier to prenatal care. Matern Child Health J 15(3):333–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Simkhada B et al (2008) Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: systematic review of the literature: factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care. J Adv Nurs 61(3):244–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. France K et al (2010) Health professionals addressing alcohol use with pregnant women in Western Australia: barriers and strategies for communication. Subst Use Misuse 45(10):1474–1490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Doi L, Cheyne H, Jepson R (2014) Alcohol brief interventions in Scottish antenatal care: a qualitative study of midwives’ attitudes and practices. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14(1):170

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Doi L, Jepson R, Cheyne H (2015) A realist evaluation of an antenatal programme to change drinking behaviour of pregnant women. Midwifery 31(10):965–972

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Taylor P et al (2007) Prenatal screening for substance use and violence: findings from physician focus groups. Matern Child Health J 11(3):241–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Wouldes T (2009) What health professionals know & do about alcohol and other drug use during pregnancy: a research report in collaboration with alcohol healthwatch. University of Auckland, Auckland

    Google Scholar 

  126. Oni HT et al (2020) Barriers and facilitators in antenatal settings to screening and referral of pregnant women who use alcohol or other drugs: a qualitative study of midwives’ experience. Midwifery 81:102595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Kennedy C et al (2004) Improving screening for alcohol use during pregnancy: the Massachusetts ASAP Program. Matern Child Health J 8(3):137–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Richards R et al (2010) Maternal health behaviors and infant health outcomes among homeless mothers: U.S. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) 2000–2007. Prevent Med 52(1):87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Floyd RL et al (2007) Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 32(1):1–10

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Tzilos GK, Sokol RJ, Ondersma SJ (2011) A randomized phase I trial of a brief computer-delivered intervention for alcohol use during pregnancy. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20(10):1517–1524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Toquinto SM et al (2020) Pregnant women’s acceptability of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use screening and willingness to disclose use in prenatal care. Womens Health Issues 30(5):345–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Roberts SCMD, Nuru-Jeter APMPH (2010) Women’s perspectives on screening for alcohol and drug use in prenatal care. Womens Health Issues 20(3):193–200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Schölin L, Fitzgerald N (2019) The conversation matters: a qualitative study exploring the implementation of alcohol screening and brief interventions in antenatal care in Scotland. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19(1):316

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Muggli MPHE et al (2015) Increasing accurate self-report in surveys of pregnancy alcohol use. Midwifery 31(3):e23–e28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Bakhireva LN et al (2021) You didn’t drink during pregnancy, did you? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 45(3):543–547

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Coons KD et al (2017) Health care students’ attitudes about alcohol consumption during pregnancy: responses to narrative vignettes. Glob Qual Nurs Res 4:2333393617740463

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Watt MH et al (2016) Alcohol use during pregnancy in a South African community: reconciling knowledge, norms, and personal experience. Matern Child Health J 20(1):48–55

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Denison J, Varcoe C, Browne AJ (2014) Aboriginal women’s experiences of accessing health care when state apprehension of children is being threatened. J Adv Nurs 70(5):1105–1116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Stone R (2015) Pregnant women and substance use: fear, stigma, and barriers to care. Health Justice 3(2):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  140. Corrigan PW et al (2017) The public stigma of birth mothers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 41(6):1166–1173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Beaman JC (2018) Harmful impacts: The reliance on hair testing in child protection. A report of the Motherisk Commission. Motherisk Commission, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  142. OHRC (2018) Interrupted childhoods: over-representation of Indigenous and Black children in Ontario child welfare. Ontario Human Rights Commission, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  143. Allan BSJ (2015) First peoples, second class treatment: the role of racism in the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Wellesley Institute, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  144. Greenmyer JR et al (2020) Pregnancy status is associated with screening for alcohol and other substance use in the emergency department. J Addict Med 14(4):e64–e69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Roberts SCM, Nuru-Jeter A (2011) Universal alcohol/drug screening in prenatal care: a strategy for reducing racial disparities? Questioning the assumptions. Matern Child Health J 15(8):1127–1134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Phillips D et al (2007) Factors that influence women’s disclosures of substance use during pregnancy: a qualitative study of ten midwives and ten pregnant women. J Drug Issues 37(2):357–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. O’Connor EA et al (2018) Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 320(18):1910–1928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Rasmussen C et al (2012) The effectiveness of a community-based intervention program for women at-risk for giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol Spectrum disorder (FASD). Community Ment Health J 48(1):12–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Thanh NX et al (2015) An economic evaluation of the parent–child assistance program for preventing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Alberta, Canada. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res 42(1):10–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Pei J et al (2019) Exploring the contributions and suitability of relational and community-centered fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention work in first nation communities. Birth defects research 111(12):835–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Williams AD et al (2014) Effectiveness of a Novel Low Cost Intervention to Reduce Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in the Congo. Open J Pediatr 4(1):9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Russell M et al (1996) Detecting risk drinking during pregnancy: a comparison of four screening questionnaires. Am J Public Health (1971) 86(10):1435–1439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Chiodo LM et al (2014) Increased cut-point of the TACER-3 screen reduces false positives without losing sensitivity in predicting risk alcohol drinking in pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 38(5):1401–1408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Dawson DA et al (2001) Screening for high- and moderate-risk drinking during pregnancy: a comparison of several TWEAK-based screeners. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25(9):1342–1349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Dawson DA et al (2005) Effectiveness of the derived alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(5):844–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Seib CA et al (2012) Screening for alcohol and drug use in pregnancy. Midwifery 28(6):760–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Weiner L, Rosett HL, Edelin KC (1982) Behavioral evaluation of fetal alcohol education for physicians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6(2):230–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Ondersma SJ et al (2019) Accuracy of five self-report screening instruments for substance use in pregnancy. Addiction 114(9):1683–1693

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Danijela Dozet & Svetlana Popova

  2. Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Danijela Dozet & Svetlana Popova

  3. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, ND FAS Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA

    Larry Burd

  4. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Svetlana Popova

  5. Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Svetlana Popova

Authors
  1. Danijela Dozet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Larry Burd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Svetlana Popova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Svetlana Popova .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Pediatrics and Child Health and Dept. of Biochem & Med. Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Albert E. Chudley

  2. Dept. of Biochem & Med. Genetics, Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Geoff G. Hicks

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Dozet, D., Burd, L., Popova, S. (2022). Alcohol Use Screening in Pregnant and Childbearing Aged Women: Practices and Implications. In: Chudley, A.E., Hicks, G.G. (eds) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Neuromethods, vol 188. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2612-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2613-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation